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Testudines: Dermochelyidae - Leatherback Turtles
The family Dermochelyidae contains a single living species which is the world's largest living turtle, Dermochelys coriacea. It exceeds 2 m in shell length and attains weights that exceed 900 kg. While they occur in tropical waters around the world, they will enter cold temperate waters. Leatherbacks get their name from the oil soaked connective tissue that makes up its carapace, giving it a leather-like texture. Under this tissue is a layer of small dermal bones. The cartilage in this turtle is unusual in that it is vascularized, other vertebrates lack blood vessels in cartilage. It can dive to at least 1200 m, and stay submerged for up to three hours. Leatherbacks also have the ability to maintain a body temperature 3-18 degrees Celsius above the ambient water temperature. The leatherback is unique in its ability to make long, deep water crossings and in its specializations for feeding on jellyfish. The other sea turtles tend to stay in shallow coastal waters. Fossil dermochelids in several genera are know from the Eocene of North America, Europe, and North Africa.
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Leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea (Linnaeus, 1766). These animals were photographed on Trinidad's Matura Beach (east coast of Trinidad). In Trinidad nesting is mostly from March to August. Clutch sizes range from 60-130 eggs, however at least some females deposit eggs three of four times per season. Most of the Trinidad females had shells that were about 1560 mm long. Nest construction and egg deposition can take about 35 minutes. The record sized specimen for this species was reported from Harlech Beach, Gwyneed, Wales in 1988. Leatherbacks feeds on jellyfish and their relatives, and possibly other soft bodied invertebrates. They have an exceptionally long esophagus lined with posterior projecting papillae. The esophagus may store food when the turtle's stomach has reached capacity. Floating plastic debris is a hazard to these giant turtles, because they may ingest plastic bags (and cellophane) that will clog their digestive system. Apparently they cannot distinguish between their jellyfish prey and the plastic.

Leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
Leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
Leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
Leatherback sea turtle, Dermochelys coriacea
   
   
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